Digital Image Watermarking for Image Integrity Verification and Tamper Correction

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37256/cm.6220256272

Keywords:

watermarking, tamper detection, data hiding, modified hamming code, logistic map

Abstract

Images transmitted through internet can be easily tampered by the available image editing tools. This article proposes a Hamming code based watermarking approach for tamper localization and correction of images. The original image is divided into various blocks with 8 consecutive pixels. The 64 bits of the 8 pixels are arranged into an 8 × 8 matrix of bits. A modified (7,4) Hamming code (MHC) is applied on first 7 most significant bits (MSBs) of each row of the matrix. The first 4 MSBs are data bits. The next 3 bits are redundant bits. The watermark bits are calculated from the 4 MSBs and stored in 3 redundant bits. Furthermore, the column parity for the first 7 columns of the 8 × 8 matrix is computed and embedded in the least significant bits (LSBs) of the 7 rows. Thereafter the column parity of the first 7 bits of 8th column is stored in 8th bit location of 8th column. This technique can detect 1-bit error or 2-bit error if it occurs in one of the 8 pixels of the block. Experimental outcomes prove that this proposed scheme maintains 4.0 bits per pixel with 36.94 dB peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and 0.9781 structural similarity (SSIM).

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Published

2025-03-13

How to Cite

1.
Gottimukkala AR, Pradhan A, Kumar N, Pradhan AK, Senapati RK, Swain G. Digital Image Watermarking for Image Integrity Verification and Tamper Correction. Contemp. Math. [Internet]. 2025 Mar. 13 [cited 2025 Apr. 2];6(2):1853-7. Available from: https://ojs.wiserpub.com/index.php/CM/article/view/6272