Assessment of Metal Pollution in the Sediments of Ras Al-Ardh and Yacht Club Marinas, Kuwait

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the fate and behavior of five trace metals (Fe, Ni, Pb, Cu and V) in the surface sediments of two selected marinas, namely Ras Al-Ardh and Yacht Club, along the coastal area of Kuwait. Leached and total concentrations of Fe, Ni, Pb, Cu and V were measured along with the total organic carbon (TOC) and sediment grain size. The bioavailability of the trace metals was also determined using simple extraction techniques. The contamination factor (CF), enrichment factor (EF) and pollution load index (PLI) were used for assessing sediment quality at the marinas. The results indicated that TOC was related to the mean grain size, where higher TOC concentrations were associated with finer grain fractions. Trace metal distribution patterns were similar to the TOC in the sediments. The value of PLI showed that the Ras Al-Ardh marina had higher metal enrichment than that of the Yacht Club marina. The results of CF and EF indicated that the sediments within both marinas are "slightly polluted" to "moderately polluted". The sediments were less contaminated with Cu relative to Pb and Ni. The PLI class of metals at the Yacht Club indicated that the marina can be classified as "non-polluted" to "moderately polluted", while the Ras Al-Ardh marina can be classified as "moderately polluted" to "polluted". The study revealed that sediment grain size, TOC, and trace metal concentrations varied spatially within each marina depending on the type of development and the probable source of metals. Sediment quality has changed tremendously due to the expansion of tourism, progress in industrial activities and increase in recreational requirements near the coastal areas.