Green Synthesis of Sulphuric Acid Based on "Geber's Method": A Detailed Aspen Plus Simulation

Abstract

Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) has a wide range of applications, but its current synthesis route via the contact process negatively impacts the atmospheric environment with harmful gaseous pollutants. Thus, based on the non-random two-liquids (NRTL) thermodynamic method, this study presents a detailed Aspen Plus V8.8 simulation of the green synthesis route of H₂SO₄ based on Geber's method developed already in the 18^th century. The research investigates the efficiency and energy dynamics of the process through the analysis of key process parameters such as reactor's heat duty, vapor fraction, and molar extent of reaction in the selected configuration, using green vitriol (FeSO₄∙7H₂O) as a natural raw material. This study presented a novel manufacturing route that resulted in H₂SO₄ of 85.76% purity (33.71 kg/h), considering the chosen parameter space. The results highlight the impact of reactant component molar yield and fractional conversion of iron (II) sulfate (FeSO₄) on heat duty and the optimal molar extent for maximizing H₂SO₄ production in a series of equilibrium reactors. In addition, appropriate operational parameters for the synthesis process were carefully specified, offering a pathway towards sustainable and eco-friendly H₂SO₄ production, which should emit zero greenhouse gases. Further optimization of the reactor conditions, can help maximize the yield of H₂SO₄, while minimizing energy consumption and byproduct formation. Developing advanced wastewater treatment units to purify the wastewater stream containing trace amounts of H₂SO₄ and dissolved sulfur trioxide (SO₃) can mitigate environmental impact and ensure compliance with regulatory standards.