Microbial Fuel Cell, Their Type, Working Principle and Different Factors Affecting Their Performance: A Review

Abstract

Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) are a green technology and an alternative energy resource to fossil fuels. MFCs are a class of bio-electrochemical systems with novel properties, like wastewater treatment, electricity generation, and biosensor operation. MFCs are ingenious devices that harness the power of bio-electrochemical processes to generate electric current by breaking down organic waste found in wastewater. These systems establish a fascinating connection between microbial metabolism and electricity production. The microbes within MFCs thrive on the nutrients present in their environment and convert the energy stored in organic matter into usable electricity. This electrical energy can be effectively utilized to power various essential portable electronic devices such as mobile phones, laptops, TVs, air dryers, threading machines, chargeable torches, as well as devices used in the air force, outer space, and weather stations. The maximum power produced by an MFC using an iron anode is 170 mW·m^-2 at 0.645 V, while MFCs with mixed culture microbes show better power efficiency at 30 mA and 3,600 mW·m^-2. It has been observed that MFCs equipped with carbon-based electrodes tend to have a longer lifespan compared to those using metal-based electrodes. However, one drawback of carbon-based electrode MFCs is that they generally exhibit lower power output. In recent years, increased investment in MFC research has significantly improved the analysis of their chemical, microbiological, and electrochemical aspects. These advancements have led to notable enhancements in the sensing capabilities of MFCs. In this review, we summarize MFC technology, including working principles, types, composition, and the various factors that affect MFC performance.